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1.
Braz. j. biol ; 76(1): 18-27, Feb. 2016. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-774506

ABSTRACT

Abstract The introduction of species has become an important problem for biodiversity and natural ecosystem conservation. The lake system of the middle Rio Doce (MG, Brazil) comprises c. 200 lakes at various conservation states, of which 50 are located within the Rio Doce State Park (PERD). Previous studies had verified several of these lakes suffered non-native fishes introductions and the presence of these species needs for the implementation of actions aiming at not only their control but also the preservation of the native species. This study discusses the effects of non-native fish species in the largest conservation unit of Atlantic Forest in Minas Gerais, southeast of Brazil, using data from 1983 to 2010 distributed as follow: data prior to 2006 were obtained from previous studies, and data from September 2006 to July 2010 were obtained in Lake Carioca at four sampling stations using gillnets, seine nets and sieve. A total of 17 fish species was collected (2006-2010) of which five were introduced species. Among the small to medium size native species (30 to 2000 mm standard length) seven had disappeared, two are new records and one was recaptured. The non-native species Cichla kelberi (peacock bass) and Pygocentrus nattereri (red piranha) are within the most abundant captured species. Integrated with other actions, such as those preventing new introductions, a selective fishing schedule is proposed as an alternative approach to improve the conservation management actions and the local and regional biodiversity maintenance.


Resumo A introdução de espécies tornou-se um importante problema para a conservação da biodiversidade e dos ecossistemas naturais. O sistema de lagos do médio Rio Doce (MG, Brasil) compreende cerca de 200 lagos em vários estados de conservação, dos quais 50 estão localizados dentro do Parque Estadual do Rio Doce (PERD). Estudos anteriores demonstraram que vários desses lagos sofreram introduções de peixes não nativos. Este estudo discute os efeitos das espécies de peixes não nativos na maior unidade de conservação da Mata Atlântica em Minas Gerais, sudeste do Brasil, utilizando dados de 1983 até 2010, distribuídos da seguinte forma: dados de 1983 a 2005 obtidos de estudos realizados anteriormente, e dados de setembro de 2006 a julho de 2010 obtidos no lago Carioca, utilizando redes de emalhar, redes de arrasto e peneira. Um total de 17 espécies de peixes foi coletado (2006-2010), sendo cinco introduzidas. Dentre estas, Cichla kelberi (tucunaré) e Pygocentrus nattereri (piranha vermelha) estiveram dentre as mais abundantes. Entre as espécies nativas de pequeno a médio porte (30-2000 mm de comprimento padrão), duas foram novos registros e uma foi recapturada. O desaparecimento de sete destas espécies, registradas em estudos anteriores, e a baixa representatividade nas amostragens da maioria das espécies remanescentes, evidencia o alto impacto da invasão de peixes na comunidade estudada. Considerando a importância de ações de manejo de espécies não nativas visando à conservação e manutenção da biodiversidade local e regional, propõem-se a realização de pescas seletivas intensivas, juntamente com ações que previnam novas introduções, incluindo ações educativas junto às comunidades locais.


Subject(s)
Animals , Biodiversity , Conservation of Natural Resources , Fishes , Introduced Species , Brazil , Forests , Lakes
2.
Braz. j. biol ; 68(4,supl): 1025-1037, Nov. 2008. graf, tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-504455

ABSTRACT

The present study deals with the ecological impacts of the introduction of two alien species of piscivorous fish in several lakes of the Middle Rio Doce lake district in Minas Gerais, Brazil. It was demonstrated that these effects were not restricted only to the fish community. The introduction of the predatory red piranha Pygocentrus nattereri and the tucunaré Cichla cf. ocellaris caused not only a sharp decrease in the number of native fish species, but also major shifts in other trophic levels. Just after the fish were introduced, most lakes began to show conspicuous changes in phytoplankton species composition, in which Cyanophyceae gradually came to dominate. The zooplankton community lost several species, and in some cases, such as Lake Carioca, all the cladoceran species disappeared. On the other hand, invertebrate predators, represented by the dipteran Chaoboridae, boomed in the lake, with higher densities of exotic species, probably as a result of the "ecological release" by reduction of the original fish fauna. There was a general trend of species loss in different trophic levels. All these changes are apparently associated with decreases in water quality. The present situation in these lakes demands new approaches to the management and conservation of these ecosystems.


O presente estudo trata dos impactos ecológicos da introdução de duas espécies invasoras de peixes piscívoros em diversos lagos da região lacustre do médio rio Doce em Minas Gerais, Brasil. Demonstrou-se que estes efeitos não se restringiram às comunidade de peixes. A introdução dos predadores Pygocentrus nattereri (piranha-vermelha) e Cichla cf. ocelaris (tucunaré) não só causou uma forte redução no número de espécies de peixes nativos, como também mudanças nos níveis tróficos inferiores. Pouco depois das introduções, a maioria dos lagos começou a mostrar alterações na comunidade fitoplanctônica, tais como o aparecimento da dominância de Cyanophyceae. A comunidade zooplanctônica perdeu diversas espécies e, em alguns casos, houve o desaparecimento de todas as espécies de cladóceros limnéticos, como é o caso da lagoa Carioca. Por outro lado, predadores invertebrados, representados pelos dípteros da família Chaoboridae, floresceram nos lagos com maiores densidades de espécies exóticas de peixes, provavelmente como resultado da "liberação ecológica" causada pela redução da ictiofauna original. Além de uma tendência geral de perda de espécies em diferentes níveis tróficos, outras mudanças estão aparentemente associadas com a redução da qualidade de água. Dessa forma, esses ecossistemas estão necessitando urgentemente de novas abordagens nas estratégias de manejo e conservação.


Subject(s)
Animals , Fishes/classification , Plankton/chemistry , Predatory Behavior/physiology , Tropical Climate , Biodiversity , Biomass , Brazil , Conservation of Natural Resources , Eutrophication , Food Chain , Fresh Water , Phytoplankton/classification , Seasons , Zooplankton/classification
3.
Braz. j. biol ; 65(2): 229-240, May 2005.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-417917

ABSTRACT

Com o objetivo de determinar o efeito da cascata de reservatórios nas comunidades de macroinvertebrados bentônicos e sua possível implicação para a definição de políticas e propostas para conservação e uso sustentável da porção baixa da bacia do rio São Francisco (Bahia, Brasil), amostragens foram realizadas em três reservatórios e dois trechos a jusante do último reservatório, durante os períodos de seca (junho de 1997) e chuvas (março de 1998). Os grupos dominantes foram Mollusca (Melanoides tuberculata), Oligochaeta e larvas de Chironomidae. Baixos valores para os índices de diversidade de Shannon-Wiener e equitabilidade de Pielou foram encontrados, contudo sem diferença significativa entre os períodos de amostragem. Entretanto, a densidade total e a riqueza taxonômica foram significativamente diferentes (t(0.05; 31) = ù2.1945; p < 0.05; e t(0.05; 31) = ù3.0600; p < 0.01), com redução no número de taxa e abundância de macroinvertebrados durante o período de chuvas. Gradiente crescente na estrutura das comunidades de macroinvertebrados bentônicos foi observado ao longo da cascata de reservatórios desde o primeiro reservatório (Apolônio Sales), seguido por diminuição a jusante do terceiro reservatório (Xingo). Apesar das conseqüências negativas da rápida proliferação de represas, como a perda disseminada de habitats de água doce, o sistema de reservatórios em cascata promoveu aumento na diversidade de macroinvertebrados bentônicos em decorrência do aumento na qualidade de água ao longo do sistema.


Subject(s)
Animals , Biodiversity , Invertebrates/classification , Rivers , Brazil , Chemistry, Physical , Conservation of Natural Resources , Environmental Monitoring/methods , Population Density , Seasons
4.
Braz. j. biol ; 62(3): 445-452, Aug. 2002. ilus, mapas, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-326215

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to assess the major food items ingested by adult specimens of Daphnia laevis within the eutrophic Pampulha reservoir in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The gut content was analyzed after addition of sodium hypochlorite and also through the examination of dissected guts under scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that Chlorophyceae was the main food item ingested, representing c. 80.5 percent of the total ingested food. Moreover, Eutetramorus fottii, Coelastrum pseudomicroporum and Oocystis lacustris, the dominant phytoplankton species within the reservoir, were the most frequent cells found in the gut contents. Euglenophyta also represented an important food item accounting for 15 percent of the ingested material, including mainly Trachelomonas volvocina and Euglena oxyuris, although less abundant in the reservoir (< 10 percent of total phytoplankton). Blue-green algae occurred at much lower percentages in the guts than in the phytoplankton. A small amount of undigested Microcystis aeruginosa colonies were also found in the gut content of D. laevis. Scanning electron microscopy results showed that, besides phytoplankton cells, a great amount of abiogenic material was also ingested. The amount of this inorganic material increased considerably in the tract (from 15 percent to 75 percent of the gut content), when a peak of D. laevis was observed in the reservoir. Our assumption is that the ingestion of this inorganic material can be a strategy used by D. laevis to obtain additional food supply


Subject(s)
Animals , Daphnia , Diet , Feeding Behavior , Gastrointestinal Contents , Phytoplankton , Stomach , Brazil , Eutrophication , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
5.
Braz. j. biol ; 62(1): 63-68, Feb. 2002. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-321287

ABSTRACT

The influence of Eucalyptus plantations on the structure and composition of macroinvertebrate communities associated with the aquatic fern Salvinia auriculata Aublet were investigated in a high altitude lake bordered by either secondary Atlantic forest or Eucalyptus plantations. Comparisons of the diversity of Chironomidae (Diptera, Insecta) larvae in the littoral zone between these two vegetation types showed higher diversity of larvae in waters bordered by Eucalyptus. The results demonstrated that the predominance of carnivorous taxa among the macroinvertebrate fauna appears to be the major controlling factor for limiting diversity in lake areas bordered by Eucalyptus


Subject(s)
Animals , Ecosystem , Eucalyptus , Invertebrates , Brazil , Diptera , Fresh Water , Population Dynamics
6.
Rev. bras. biol ; 61(2): 239-248, May 2001. ilus, mapas, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-298639

ABSTRACT

Five lotic systems of Serra do Cipó, south-east Brazil, were investigated in order to assess the existing diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates, habitats-microhabitats, and the available trophic resources. For each river it was analysed the communities of benthic macroinvertebrates and the composition of some taxonomic groups (Plecoptera, Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera and Diptera Chironomidae): the community with Bivalvia Sphaeriidae, Oligochaeta and Ephemeroptera Baetidae (being supposed a closed relation Bivalvia-Oligochaeta based on the process of bioturbation and enrichment of sediment in organic matter) in Tanque River; the macrofauna associated to aquatic macrophytes from rivers Peixe and Preto do ItambÚ reflecting the reaction of the ecosystems versus the quantities of nutrients which originate from the farmlands; the lithoreophilic communities of Cipó River; the community depending on deposits of leaves and filamentous algae in Congonhas Stream; the very rich community of the moss clumps in the Indaiß Stream. A proposal for biological zonation of Cipó River and some comments about the importance of the analysed benthic macroinvertebrates in the biological production of the aquatic communities were done


Subject(s)
Animals , Ecosystem , Invertebrates/physiology , Altitude , Brazil
7.
Rev. bras. biol ; 61(2): 259-266, May 2001. mapas, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-298641

ABSTRACT

The assessment of the diversity of habitats and the characterisation of the functional trophic groups of benthic macroinvertebrate communities of some rivers of Serra do Cipó (MG) were the main objectives of this study. The available trophic resources and the types of substrata were characterised along with the structure and composition of their using functional trophic groups. Serra do Cipó is a watershed divisor of the Sõo Francisco and Doce River basins, including a series of streams and rivers, of good water quality and well preserved ecological characteristics. Samples were collected in Cipó, Peixe and Preto do ItambÚ rivers, besides the Indaiß and Capõo da Mata streams at 26 sampling stations, during the rainy (February) and dry (October) seasons of 1998, using "Kicking nets" of 0.125 mm mesh size. The group of collectors (Baetidae, Leptophlebiidae and Leptohyphidae) was the most abundant, followed by collector-predators (Hydrophilidae, Ceratopogonidae, Chironomidae-Tanypodinae), and detritivorous-herbivores (Oligochaeta). The riparian vegetation, together with the aquatic macrophytes, are the substrata containing the highest richness of functional trophic groups and the higher habitat diversity. The results suggest that the use of functional trophic groups, together with habitat evaluation, are efficient tools in the evaluation of the diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates, particularly in altitudinal lotic ecosystems


Subject(s)
Animals , Ecosystem , Brazil , Fresh Water , Seasons
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